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Which of the following substances is responsible for the edema associated with inflammation?


A) leukotrienes
B) histamine
C) interferon
D) defensin
E) both leukotrienes and histamine

F) A) and D)
G) None of the above

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Which of the following is a correct pairing of activator and leukocyte?


A) C3b - natural killer lymphocyte
B) lectin - neutrophil
C) gamma interferon - eosinophil
D) alpha interferon - natural killer lymphocyte
E) NOD protein - neutrophil

F) A) and C)
G) B) and D)

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The M protein on the surface of Streptococcus pyogenes


A) is part of the capsule and prevents adherence of phagocytes to its surface.
B) acts as a toxin to human cells.
C) is a pyrogen that elevates the body temperature.
D) is an iron-binding protein.
E) is a chemotatic substance that attracts neutrophils.

F) A) and E)
G) A) and B)

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Which of the following statements is true of eosinophils?


A) They are in intact skin, sebum, tears, etc.
B) They produce the coating of a pathogen by complement.
C) They are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
D) They increase in allergies and helminth infection.
E) They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.

F) C) and E)
G) A) and B)

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The resident microbiota have no role in defense against pathogen invasion.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following does NOT bind iron?


A) M protein
B) lactoferrin
C) ferritin
D) transferrin
E) siderophores

F) A) and B)
G) B) and E)

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Which of the following is the key difference in the roles of the classical and alternative pathways of the complement system?


A) the formation of MACs
B) the range of microbes that can be targeted
C) triggering inflammation
D) production of chemotactic factors
E) the effectiveness in killing Gram-negative bacteria

F) A) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Which of the following is NOT one of the signs of inflammation?


A) redness (rubor)
B) heat (calor)
C) swelling (tumor)
D) pain (dolor)
E) odor

F) None of the above
G) All of the above

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Microbial antagonism refers to


A) the presence of pathogens on the surface of the skin, which will invade the body through abrasions.
B) the presence of normal microbiota that protect the body by competing with pathogens in a variety of ways to prevent pathogens from invading the body.
C) the presence of normal microbiota that can become pathogens under certain conditions.
D) the ability of microbiota to mutate into pathogens.
E) the presence of resident bacteria on the surface of the body and in cavities that connect to the surface.

F) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

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The residual body is


A) the remains of a phagosome after digestion.
B) the union of a phagosome with lysosomes.
C) a dead phagocyte.
D) the attachment of a phagosome to the surface of a pathogen.
E) a type of granule in a granulocyte.

F) A) and C)
G) B) and E)

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Neutrophils can kill bacteria by nonphagocytic mechanisms.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following statements regarding the surface of the skin is FALSE?


A) It has sebum as a coating.
B) It has normal microbiota.
C) It has goblet cells.
D) It is salty.
E) It is acidic.

F) C) and E)
G) B) and E)

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Which of the following statements regarding phagocyte recognition of pathogens is true?


A) TLRs in the phagocyte cytoplasmic membrane bind surface structures of microbes.
B) TLRs on the surface of microbes trigger the accumulation of opsonins.
C) Lectins on the surface of microbes are bound by chemokine receptors.
D) NOD proteins on the surface of microbes are detected by TLRs.
E) MACs on the surface of microbes are detected by NOD proteins.

F) B) and E)
G) A) and D)

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Which of the following is NOT involved in phagocytosis?


A) activation
B) chemotaxis
C) adherence
D) ingestion
E) killing

F) C) and D)
G) A) and D)

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Neutrophils use their own __________ in the formation of NETs to trap bacteria. (Be sure to use all capitals in your answer.)

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The process known as __________ allows neutrophils and eosinophils to squeeze between the cells lining the capillaries to attack invading microbes.

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Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection?


A) basophils
B) macrophages
C) neutrophils
D) eosinophils
E) lymphocytes

F) D) and E)
G) B) and D)

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Which of the following statements regarding macrophages is correct?


A) They cause damage resulting in cell lysis.
B) They are nonspecific leukocytes that secrete toxins onto the surface of virally infected cells.
C) They release prostaglandins and leukotrienes in response to microbes.
D) They produce the coating of a pathogen by complement.
E) They kill cells by causing cell lysis.

F) A) and B)
G) A) and C)

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The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to


A) attraction of phagocytes to sites of infection.
B) triggering inflammation.
C) triggering release of interferons.
D) triggering inflammation and release of interferons.
E) triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes to sites of infection.

F) B) and E)
G) C) and D)

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A chemical reaction in which the product of each reaction becomes the enzyme that catalyzes the next reaction is known as a(n) __________ reaction.

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