Question 1

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned stimulus
B)   unconditioned stimulus
C)   conditioned response
D)   unconditioned responseE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   extinction
B)   counterconditioning
C)   stimulus discrimination
D)   instinctive driftE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 3

For classical conditioning to be most effective, the stimulus to be conditioned should:

Accepted Answer

A)   precede the unconditioned stimulus.
B)   occur simultaneously with the unconditioned stimulus.
C)   follow the unconditioned stimulus.
D)   be of greater intensity than the unconditioned stimulus.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 4

Based on his observations of cats in puzzle boxes, Thorndike concluded that:

Accepted Answer

A)   behaviour modification does not work.
B)   animals can learn from watching others model behaviour.
C)   behaviour is controlled by its consequences.
D)   there are biological limits to what behaviours an animal can learn.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 5

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was the unconditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   food
B)   thoughts of anticipation
C)   salivation
D)   the sight of the food dishE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 6

Food and water are examples of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   latent reinforcers
B)   higher-order reinforcers
C)   secondary reinforcers
D)   primary reinforcersE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 7

In operant conditioning, when a response is first acquired, learning is usually most rapid if the response is reinforced:

Accepted Answer

A)   once every few responses on an intermittent schedule.
B)   on a continuous reinforcement schedule.
C)   once every few minutes on an intermittent schedule.
D)   randomly on an intermittent schedule.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 8

B. F. Skinner rigged the cages of eight pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time, most of the pigeons were practising some sort of consistent ritual, even though the ritual did not have the least effect on the delivery of the reinforcer. The birds were ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   demonstrating spontaneous recovery
B)   developing phobias
C)   trained by vicarious conditioning
D)   behaving superstitiouslyE) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 9

The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that:

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcers are primary and punishers are secondary.
B)   punishers are primary and reinforcers are secondary.
C)   reinforcers strengthen behaviour and punishers weaken behaviour.
D)   reinforcers are positive and punishers are negative.E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

Individuals being treated for cancer may develop nausea when they arrive at the place where they have been receiving chemotherapy. In this case, the conditioned stimulus is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   chemotherapy
B)   nausea
C)   the place where therapy takes place
D)   avoidance by cancelling the appointmentE) A) and B)
F) C) and D) C

Question 11

Which of the following portrays an intrinsic reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)   Larry receives a bonus in his pay cheque for meeting his sales quota for the month.
B)   John is an architect and enjoys planning and designing the construction of buildings.
C)   Jenny is praised for her performance in the local marathon.
D)   Harriet gets an A for her excellent essay on American foreign policy.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 12

If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and, all of a sudden, the response permanently ceases to produce any food, then _______ will occur.

Accepted Answer

A)   acquisition
B)   extinction
C)   generalization
D)   discriminationE) A) and D)
F) None of the above B

Question 13

Evolutionary psychologists note that humans are primed to be susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears. Explain why this would be adaptive.

Accepted Answer

A good answer will include the following...

Question 14

Which of the following is true about the use of extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards?

Accepted Answer

A)   Extrinsic rewards should never be used.
B)   Extrinsic rewards should be used carefully and not overdone.
C)   Intrinsic rewards should never be used.
D)   Intrinsic rewards should be used carefully and not overdone.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 15

During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to innate, species-specific behaviours is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   free will
B)   successive approximations
C)   shaping
D)   instinctive driftE) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 16

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   unconditioned response
B)   conditioned response
C)   latent response
D)   counterconditioned responseE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Robert Rescorla said that a stimulus must reliably _______________ an unconditioned stimulus for the stimulus to begin eliciting conditioned responding.

Accepted Answer

A)   block
B)   follow
C)   predict
D)   causeE) C) and D)
F) B) and C) C

Question 18

William takes an aspirin to relieve a minor headache. This is an example of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcement
B)   negative reinforcement
C)   positive punishment
D)   negative punishmentE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

_______________ is a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   Higher-order conditioning
B)   Intermittent reinforcement
C)   Stimulus discrimination
D)   Spontaneous recoveryE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 20

Which of the following schools of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?

Accepted Answer

A)   behaviourism
B)   psychoanalysis
C)   Gestalt psychology
D)   functionalismE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

For classical conditioning to be most effective, the stimulus to be conditioned should:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Based on his observations of cats in puzzle boxes, Thorndike concluded that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was the unconditioned stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Food and water are examples of ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In operant conditioning, when a response is first acquired, learning is usually most rapid if the response is reinforced:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

B. F. Skinner rigged the cages of eight pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds. Within a short time, most of the pigeons were practising some sort of consistent ritual, even though the ritual did not have the least effect on the delivery of the reinforcer. The birds were ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Individuals being treated for cancer may develop nausea when they arrive at the place where they have been receiving chemotherapy. In this case, the conditioned stimulus is ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Which of the following portrays an intrinsic reinforcer?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and, all of a sudden, the response permanently ceases to produce any food, then _______ will occur.

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Evolutionary psychologists note that humans are primed to be susceptible to certain kinds of acquired fears. Explain why this would be adaptive.

Correct AnswerverifiedA good answer will include the following...View AnswerShow Answer

Which of the following is true about the use of extrinsic versus intrinsic rewards?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

During operant learning, the tendency for an organism to revert to innate, species-specific behaviours is called ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Robert Rescorla said that a stimulus must reliably _______________ an unconditioned stimulus for the stimulus to begin eliciting conditioned responding.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

William takes an aspirin to relieve a minor headache. This is an example of ________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_______________ is a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following schools of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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B

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A good answer will include the following...
View Answer

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C

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