A) Whereas the Confederacy passionately argued and fought to maintain the institution of slavery, the United States focused on curbing the future of slavery as the primary basis of the war.
B) Whereas the Confederacy was certain the war would be short and, thus, did not have real goals going in, the Union had defined goals to eliminate slavery out of certainty it would be a long fight.
C) Whereas the Confederacy sought to prove itself in such a way that the United States and other countries would recognize its independence, the United States sought to restore the Union.
D) Whereas the Confederacy fought to expand slavery in the West but substantially decrease it in the South, the United States fought to limit slavery entirely to the South going forward.
E) Whereas the Confederacy sought to use the war to assert its status as the leading region economically, the United States sought to use it as a stimulus to boost its declining economy.
G) B) and C)
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A) greatly improved relations with Great Britain and the renewed power of the planter class
B) the decreased power of the federal government and the emergence of a Democratic Congress
C) the idea that the Union was indissoluble and the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment
D) Lincoln's belief that freedom was dead, and states' ability to leave the Union remained undecided
E) the eradication of cholera by the Red Cross and the elimination of racism in America
G) D) and E)
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A) the establishment of protected lands where Native Americans could go to ride out the war and live peacefully
B) the transformation of the conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in the 1850s into brutal guerrilla warfare
C) the development of the region into a safe haven for African Americans and immigrants who wanted to avoid the fray of the war
D) mild scuffles limited to the Confederacy and Native Americans as they competed over resources that could be used during the war
E) a series of terrible Union losses under the leadership of General Grant that almost led Lincoln to remove him from the army
G) A) and E)
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A) No, it was not a "modern" war because the technology of photography had not yet emerged to document the fighting and destruction.
B) No, it was not a "modern" war because the effectiveness of muskets, rifles, and cannons had not improved much in decades and encouraged bloody, close combat.
C) No, it was not a "modern" war because it never reached the scale of intercontinental alliances, and multinational armies never materialized.
D) Yes, it was a "modern" war because advancements in technology enabled it to result in very few casualties relative to other wars in American history.
E) Yes, in many ways it was a "modern" war because it was fought across the continent, with armies using railroads and steamships for the first time.
G) B) and E)
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A) Wakeman became the leading farmer during the Civil War who made sure that soldiers were well fed even as supplies decreased.
B) Wakeman became a leading Confederate general who inspired most of Lee's most famous strategies.
C) Wakeman was Lincoln's close adviser who convinced him to issue the Emancipation Proclamation at the end of the war.
D) Wakeman, like hundreds of soldiers on both sides, was a woman who disguised her gender to serve in the war.
E) Wakeman was a famous nurse who, although unable to enter the battlefields, helped develop an important vaccine from a nearby hospital.
G) A) and C)
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B) False
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A) was an African American abolitionist leader who celebrated the Emancipation Proclamation, in contrast to Confederates' predictions of a race war
B) was a Confederate general who surprised the Union army at Chancellorsville but was shot there by his own men
C) founded the American Red Cross and visited the killing fields with medical supplies, ready to go "anywhere between the bullet and the battlefield"
D) was one of the leaders of the Radical Republicans who urged "reconstruction" of the South by having Union armies seize southern plantations
E) accepted the post of Union general despite his better judgment and went on to be replaced by Thomas Hooker
F) was born into slavery but went on to serve as a nurse and operate a school for freed slaves
G) was a general demoted due to insubordination and went on to be the 1864 Democratic candidate against Abraham Lincoln
H) was a War Democrat who supported Lincoln's war policies and went on to become his vice president
I) was a pro-Confederate leader who ordered his followers to destroy Lawrence, Kansas, and engage in a massacre there
J) was the president of the Confederacy and experienced growing discontent directed at him as the war dragged on
L) D) and I)
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A) The Union already claimed to be fighting to defend liberty and self-government.
B) Southerners never claimed to be concerned with liberty and self-government.
C) The form of government the South established after secession was a monarchy.
D) The Confederacy envisioned a dictatorship as the ideal government.
E) Slavery was the actual reason southern leaders used to justify secession and war.
G) B) and D)
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A) A primary motivation behind the Civil War in general was the return of land to Native American tribes, such as the Wampanoag, as they sought to regain their territory in Massachusetts.
B) Thousands of Native Americans fought on either side, such as the "Five Civilized Tribes" in Oklahoma who supported the Confederates because they, too, had enslaved African Americans.
C) Very few Native American nations joined the fight on either side, as they had already suffered greatly from previous conflicts with white settlers and saw no potential gains from joining the fight.
D) Native American tribes, such as the Huron, only supported the Union side as they sought help in fighting the British to get revenge for previous offenses.
E) Native American tribes occasionally joined the war in support of the Union but remained uninfluenced by regional ties to the South due to widespread opposition to slavery.
G) C) and D)
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B
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A) exercising great caution and only launching offensives when absolutely necessary
B) fighting very short and spread-out battles so as to maintain an element of surprise
C) acquiring superior weapons to counterbalance the South's superior numbers
D) engaging strictly in guerrilla warfare and focusing attention on the West
E) waging a relentless war of attrition such as by confiscating or destroying civilian property
G) All of the above
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B) False
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A) the Emancipation Proclamation.
B) Lee's surrender.
C) the Thirteenth Amendment.
D) a postwar treaty.
E) a second, briefer war.
G) B) and E)
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C
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B) False
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A) The Confederacy largely relied on the work of immigrants to continue to fuel southern industry during wartime, increasing the number of consumer goods for sale.
B) Because the larger Confederacy did not have its own Congress, efforts to fund the war were left entirely to the varying legislation of individual state governments.
C) Because enslaved African Americans on plantations rarely fought as soldiers or managed to escape, the cotton economy remained strong and helped finance the war effort.
D) The Confederate Congress issued many taxes, which were poorly enforced, as well as large amounts of paper money, which caused economic distress due to price increases.
E) The Confederate Congress relied heavily on British and French foreign aid, as the southern cotton economy was in such disarray due to the war.
G) A) and E)
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D
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A) Bragg's tactic of pushing Union forces westward toward the Mississippi River, where Confederates would be better equipped to defeat them once and for all
B) Scott's three-pronged strategy to impose a blockade on southern ports and slowly crush Confederate resistance on all fronts
C) Douglass's movement to build confidence in African American soldiers and help motivate them to fight for the promises of a Union victory
D) Lee's efforts to influence elections in the North by achieving a successful northern invasion that would inspire Europeans to send his troops supplies
E) McClellan's unsuccessful plan to re-initiate substantial fighting in the East by moving the Union army toward the mouth of the James River in Virginia
G) A) and D)
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