Question 1

People overestimate the frequency of words beginning with the letter L,as compared to words that have L as the third letter,because of the heuristic of ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  availability
B)  representativeness
C)  anchor and adjust
D)  hindsightE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 2

Research on framing suggests that we treat losses ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  less seriously than gains of an equivalent amount
B)  more seriously than gains of an equivalent amount
C)  just as seriously as gains of an equivalent amount
D)  as if they were not possible outcomes at allE) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 3

In completing Wason's four-card task,participants usually ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  turn over the two cards that are necessary and sufficient to test the rule
B)  turn over all four cards,when only two would have been sufficient
C)  turn over all four cards,when only one would have been sufficient
D)  show understanding of modus ponens but neglect modus tollensE) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Cognitive illusions ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  tell us that our decision-making system is seriously flawed
B)  tell us something about the way our cognitive systems work
C)  cannot tell us anything about how to design programs to improve the quality of decisions
D)  cannot help us predict when human decision making will be optimal and when it will notE) C) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 5

The availability heuristic functions on which principle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Things that are more easily remembered are assumed to occur more often.
B)  Things that we understand now always would have happened.
C)  If we are certain,we must be right.
D)  The best evidence affirms our hypothesis.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 6

The confirmation bias is the tendency to search only for information that supports your existing beliefs.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

According to research on the anchoring phenomenon,______.

Accepted Answer

A)  even when given additional information,people refuse to depart from their original "anchors"
B)  people ignore rational anchors that should influence their subsequent estimates
C)  even when the anchor is arbitrary,people are unwilling to adjust upward or downward from that anchor by large amounts
D)  anchoring can result in serious overestimation of quantities such as 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 8

Peter Wason gave participants the sequence "2,4,6" and asked them to determine the rule used to generate the sequence.His findings suggest that people ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  have difficulty generating possible rules to test
B)  generate a rule,then look for information that could support it
C)  generate a rule,then look for information that could disconfirm it
D)  generate rules,but do not know how to support their rulesE) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 9

Of the following,which should always produce a logically certain conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A)  inductive reasoning
B)  confirmation reasoning
C)  deductive reasoning
D)  utilitarian reasoningE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 10

When we assess probability by judging the ease with which relevant examples come to mind,we are using the heuristic of ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  representativeness
B)  availability
C)  framing
D)  hindsightE) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 11

Normative models of decision making describe ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  how we ought to make decisions in realistic circumstances
B)  ideal performance under ideal circumstances
C)  what people actually do when they make decisions
D)  cognitive illusionsE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 12

If a person has five letters in his/her name,then s/he is a Glirple.Fred now reasons that anyone who is a Glirple must have five letters in his/her name.Fred has ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  made a correct inference according to modus ponens
B)  made a correct inference according to modus tollens
C)  committed the fallacy of denying the antecedent
D)  committed the fallacy of affirming the consequentE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 13

You have anxiously been awaiting your favorite superhero movie to be released in theaters.However,30 minutes in to the movie,you realize you hate it.Thinking about how expensive your ticket was,you still decide to stay and finish the movie.This is explained by which of our heuristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  availability
B)  representativeness
C)  sunk cost
D)  hindsight biasE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the five phases of decision making,according to Galotti?

Accepted Answer

A)  goal setting
B)  information gathering
C)  planning
D)  random choiceE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Hindsight bias causes us to believe that we "knew it all along" in predicting a surprising event.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Image theory proposes that we ______ use all of the information at our disposal to make the best decision.

Accepted Answer

A)  always
B)  rarely
C)  never
D)  none of theseE) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 17

Because of the representativeness heuristic,we are likely to erroneously assume that which of the following sequences of coin flips is more probable?

Accepted Answer

A)  heads-heads-heads-heads-heads
B)  heads-tails-heads-tails-tails
C)  heads-heads-tails-tails-tails
D)  tails-tails-tails-tails-headsE) All of the above
F) C) and D)

Question 18

What is the content effect in propositional reasoning? Give an example.

Accepted Answer

Performance on a propositional reasoning...

Question 19

Participants are ______ likely to experience underconfidence as they are overconfidence.

Accepted Answer

A)  more
B)  equally
C)  less
D)  neverE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 20

What is a concern in using a truth table to come to a conclusion for a propositional reasoning problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  As propositions increase,the number of outcomes grows exponentially larger.
B)  Truth tables do not always include the correct conclusion.
C)  Truth tables can only accommodate a small number of propositions.
D)  The outcomes listed are only probabilistic and thus prone to error.E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

Exam 12: Reasoning and Decision Making

In completing Wason's four-card task,participants usually ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Hindsight bias causes us to believe that we "knew it all along" in predicting a surprising event.

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You have anxiously been awaiting your favorite superhero movie to be released in theaters.However,30 minutes in to the movie,you realize you hate it.Thinking about how expensive your ticket was,you still decide to stay and finish the movie.This is explained by which of our heuristics?

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According to research on the anchoring phenomenon,______.

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Because of the representativeness heuristic,we are likely to erroneously assume that which of the following sequences of coin flips is more probable?

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What is the content effect in propositional reasoning? Give an example.

Correct AnswerverifiedPerformance on a propositional reasoning...View AnswerShow Answer

Peter Wason gave participants the sequence "2,4,6" and asked them to determine the rule used to generate the sequence.His findings suggest that people ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When we assess probability by judging the ease with which relevant examples come to mind,we are using the heuristic of ______.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the five phases of decision making,according to Galotti?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research on framing suggests that we treat losses ______.

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People overestimate the frequency of words beginning with the letter L,as compared to words that have L as the third letter,because of the heuristic of ______.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Of the following,which should always produce a logically certain conclusion?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If a person has five letters in his/her name,then s/he is a Glirple.Fred now reasons that anyone who is a Glirple must have five letters in his/her name.Fred has ______.

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Participants are ______ likely to experience underconfidence as they are overconfidence.

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Cognitive illusions ______.

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Normative models of decision making describe ______.

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What is a concern in using a truth table to come to a conclusion for a propositional reasoning problem?

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Image theory proposes that we ______ use all of the information at our disposal to make the best decision.

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The availability heuristic functions on which principle?

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The confirmation bias is the tendency to search only for information that supports your existing beliefs.

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Performance on a propositional reasoning...
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