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Exam 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

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Question 41

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This theorist suggested that the primary "task" for infants was to develop a sense of trust in others.

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Question 42

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Jerome Kagan and other developmentalists stress that _____ play(s) more important roles in a child's social competence than the attachment theorists, such as Bowlby and Ainsworth, are willing to acknowledge.

A) the child's genetic characteristics and temperament
B) the quality of parenting
C) security of attachment to a primary caregiver
D) diversity of social contexts in which the child participates

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Question 43

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According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, a(n) _____ child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts easily to new experiences.

Trystan has adjusted to the observation that his son, Tony, is a _____. Tony seldom sleeps or eats by any predictable routine, and he really dislikes any new situation.

Betty and Allen's child, Cara, is usually in a pleasant mood. She has a regular routine but can readily adapt to changes. According to Chess and Thomas, Cara would be classified as a(n) :

What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?

In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, clung to his mother when she was in the room, and was very upset when she left the room. When she returned, he appeared to be ambivalent-both wanting to be comforted by his mother and pushing her away when she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as:

Describe the three types of cries, highlighting the differences, and give an everyday example of when an infant might use that type of crying.

According to Jerome Kagan, temperament:

Distinguish between reflexive and social smiles; provide an example of each and why it falls into the category that it does.

In their longitudinal investigation, Chess and Thomas found that _____ of the children they studied could be classified as difficult.

What is stranger anxiety, and when does it develop? What is separation protest, and when does it peak?

In the second year of life, infants tend to "check" with their mother before they act; they look at her to see if she is happy, angry, or fearful. This is an example of:

Juan has been showing marked increase in his imitative and reciprocal play; he goes around imitating nonverbal actions like jumping and running. Juan is probably:

Erik Erikson describes the second stage of personality development as the stage of _____ versus shame and doubt.

_____ has been the most consistent predictor of a secure attachment.

Which of the following best exemplifies the difference between how mothers and fathers interact with their children?

Blanca works long hours, and when she is home she rarely holds her baby, Joey. She is often tired and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritable fashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) _____ with his mother.

Unfortunately Lincoln, now in those "terrible twos," spends most of his waking hours with a babysitter who scolds him continually. Every time he tries to feed himself or play, the babysitter takes things away, tells him he is making a mess, and calls him a bad boy. According to Erikson, if Lincoln remains in this situation for a long time he will develop:

Skylar is home with her 15-month-old daughter, Riley, when she hears angry voices outside. Skylar picks up Riley, goes to the window, and sees neighbors having a heated argument. Riley, seeing that her mother is afraid, immediately starts crying because of her ability to use: